Scientific Articles, Sources & Research

June 24, 2009

Macular Degeneration – (General Information)

  1. “Macular Degeneration News”; March, 2009; http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd_news.htm
  2. The Eye Digest, Published by University of Illinois Eye & Ear Infirmary, 4/9/09, http://www.agingeye.net/maculardegen/maculardegeninformation.php
  3. Macular Degeneration Support, “Types of Juvenile Macular Degeneration”, 4/14/09, www.mdsupport.org/library/juvenile.html
  4. “What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?”, eHealthMD; 4/14/09; www.ehealthmd.com/library/maculardegeneration/MDG_whatis.html
  5. “How is AMD Diagnosed?”, eHealthMD, 4/14/09; www.ehealthmd.com/library/maculardegeneration/MDG_diagnosis.html
  6. “What is Macular Degeneration?”, reviewed by Martin A. Mainster, PH.D. M.D. FRCOphth, 4/14/09, www.mdsupport.org/library/md_description.html
  7. Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, Meuer SM, Huang GH, “Ten-Year incidence and Progression of age –related Maculopathy: The Beaver Dam Eye Study”, Ophthalmology. 2002: 109:1767-79.

Anti-Oxidants’ Impact on Low Vision

  1. “AMD Discovery-New Hope for Treatment of Vision Loss”: Bio-Medicine, 2/20/08, www.bio-medicine.org/medicine/news-1/amd-discovery-3a-new-hope-for-treatment-of-vision-loss-12351-1/
  2. “New Hope for Preventing Age-related macular degeneration”, Shahreen Abedin, CNN Health.com, 2/24/09; www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/24/macular.degeneration.vitamins/
  3. “Macular Degeneration Risk Lowered By B Vitamins”: Barry Wheeler,  2/23/09 www.amdsupport.ca/articles/332/1/Macular-Degeneration-Risk-Lowered-by-B-Vitamins/page1.html .
  4. Wiktorowska-Owczarek A, Nowak JZ, “Oxidative damage in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and antioxidant protection as a therapeutic strategy” Polish Journal Environ Studies, 2006, Vol. 15, 3B, 69-72.
  5. Hogg R, Chakravarthy U, “AMD and micronutrient antioxidants” Current Eye Res., 204, 29, 387-401.
  6. AREDS Research Group, Associations of mortality with ocular disorders and an intervention of high-dose antioxidants and zinc in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 13. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 716-26.
  7. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The effect of five-year zinc supplementation on serum zinc, serum cholesterol and hemocrit in persons randomly assigned to treatment group in the age-related eye disease study: AREDS Report N0. 7: J Nutr. 2002; 132: 697-702.
  8. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report No. 9, Arch Ophthalmol. 2001: 119:1439-52
  9. Age-related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS Report no. 8, Arch Ophthalmol. 2001: 119:1417-36

Macular Degeneration Research/Clinical Trials

  1. O’Clock, GD and Jarding, JB “Electrotherapeutic Device/Protocol Design Considerations for Visual Disease Applications,” Proceedings of the 31st International IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference, EMBC ’09, Minneapolis, MN September 2 – 6, 2009. (MEDLINE).
  2. Jarding, JB and O’Clock, GD “Biocurrent therapy for macular Degeneration,” Chapter 47 in the book, Bioelectromagnetic Medicine, Rosch, PJ and MS Markov, Eds. Pp 771-780, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, (2004)
  3. O’Clock, GD “Electrotherapeutic Dvices: Principles, Design and Applications, Artech House, Norwood, MA (2007)
  4. O’Clock, GD and Leonard, T  “In Vitro Response of Reinoblastoma Lymphoma and Non-malignant Cells to Direct Current: Therapeutic Implications”, The German Journal of Oncology, Vol 33, pp85-90, (2001)
  5. “Medical Research Update: Macular Degeneration Trials Update”; The Eye Digest, Univ. of Illinois Eye & Ear Infirmary 03/09/09;www.agingeye.net/maculardegen/maculardegennewdevelopments.php
  6. O’Clock, GD and Jarding, JB, “New Developments in the Use of Electrotherapy in the Treatment of Macular Dgeneration, “ Abstracts of the 3rd Congress of the International Association of Biologically Closed Electric Circuits in Biomedicine Society, pp. 93-94, Beijing, China September 27-30, 1998.
  7. Allen, MJ,  Jarding, JB, and Zehner, R, “Macular Degeneration treatment With Nutrients and Microcurrent, “Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol 13, pp 211-214, 1998.
  8. Lytle, M, Gannon, J, and O’Clock, GD, “Effects of In Vitro Stimulation on Enhancement and Suppression of Malignant Lymphoma Cell Proliferation,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 83, pp. 173-181, (1991) (MEDLINE)
  9. “Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation Therapy for Retinal Disease”, http://clinicaltrials.gove/ct2/show/NCT00804102
  10. Shinoda, K; Imamura, Y; Matsuda, S; et. al.,  “Transcutaneous Electrical Retinal Stimulation Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration”; The Open Ophthalmology Journal, 2008, 2, 12=132-136, published August 26, 2008. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid+2694606
  11. Treatment of age-related macular degeneration with photodynamic therapy (TAP) Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with vertoporfin; one-year results of 2 randomized clnical trials—TAP report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999; 117; 1329-45. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 117:488.
  12. Bessler NM, Vam Study Writing Committee. Vertoporfin therapy in age-related macular degeneration (VAM); an open label multicenter photodynamic therapy study of 4,435 patients. Retina. 2004:161(6): 1902-6
  13. Slakter JS, Stur M, Quality of Life in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration: impact of the condition and benefits of treatment. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005: 50:263-73.

Factors Contributing to Macular Degeneration:  (Genetic Attributes/Environmental)

  1. Davies NP, Morland AB, “Macular Pigments: Their Characteristics and Putative Role”, Prog Retin Eye Res, 2004, 23, 533-559.
  2. Science Daily, “What Drives Brain Changes in Macular Degeneration?” 3/3/09; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090303171447.htm
  3. Tuo J, Bojanowski CM, Chan CC, “Genetic Factors of Age-related Macular Degeneration”, Progr Retin Eye Res, 2994, 23, 229-249.
  4. Traboulsi EI, “The challenges and surprises of studying the genetics of age-related macular degeneration”, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2005, 139, 908-911.
  5. Bok, D, “Evidence for an Inflammatory Process in Age-related Macular Degeneration Gains New Support”, Proc. National Acad. Sciences USA, 2005; 102, 7053-7054.
  6. Matgrain TH, Boulton M, Marshall J, Sliney DH, “Do Blue Light Filters Confer Protection Against Age-related Macular Degeneration?”, Prog Retin Eye Res, 2004, 23, 523-531.
  7. McConnell V, Silvestri G, “Age-related macular Degeneration”, Ulster Med Journal, 2005, 74, 82-92.
  8. McGreer PL, McGreer EG, “Inflammation and the Degenerative Diseases of Aging.” Ann NY Acad Sci, 2004, 1035, 104-116.
  9. Bressler, NM, Silva, JC, Bressler SB, Fine, SL, Green, WR, “Clinicopathological correlation of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities in age-related macular degeneration. Retina, 1994, 14, 130-142
  10. Algvere, PV, Seregard, S, “Drusen Maculopathy: A Risk factor for AMD. Can we Prevent Visual Loss?” Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 2003, 81, pp. 427-429
  11. Anderson, DH, Mulline, RF, Hageman, GS, Johnson, LV: “A Role for Local Inflammation in the Formation of Drusen In the Aging Eye”, AM J. Ophthamol, 2002, pp: 134, 411-431.
  12. Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Hasegawa T, Kim SY, Merges C, Tong P, Lutty GA, “Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Aged Human Choroids and Eyes with Age-Related Macular Degeneration”, Exp Eye Res, 2006, 82, 99-110.
  13. Kijlstra A, La Heij EC, Hendrikse F, “Immunological Factors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of age-related macular degeneration” Ocul Immunol Inflam, 2005, 13, 3-11.
  14. Age-related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk Factors for the incidence of Advanced Age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Report no. 19, Ophthalmology, 2005; 112:533-39.

Micro-Current Stimulation Restores Eyesight

  1. John B. Jarding, OD; and George D. O’Clock, PhD; “Biocurrent for Macular Degeneration,” Chapter 47, in Bioelectromagnetic Magazine, PJ Rosch and MS Markov, Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, (2004)
  2. MJ Allen, JB Jarding, and R. Zehner, “Macular Degeneration Treatment with Nutrients and Micro-Current Electricity”, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol. 13,  pp 211-214, 1998.
  3. “Electrotherapy and Magnetotherapy for Visual Disease, Cancer and Neurological Disease”; Univ. of Minnesota Medical Devices Center Fellows Program. Dr. George D. O’Clock, Univ. of Minnesota Academic Health Sciences Center, Pediatrics, Pulmony, & Critical Care.
  4. George D. O’Clock, Ph.D., “Electrotherapy for Visual Disease Applications”, presented to the University of Minnesota Medical Devices Center Fellows Program, Sept, 22 & 24, 2008.
  5. Michael LD, Allen MJ, “Nutritional Supplementation, Electrical Stimulation and Age-Related Macular Degeneration”, Journal of Ophthalmal Med. 11993: 8; pp. 168-171
  6. Shandurina AN, et. al. “Clinical-Physiological Basis of a New Method of Restoring Human Vision by Direct Electrical Stimulation Injured of Optic Nerves”, Human Physiology. New York Consultant’s Bureau 1984: 1015: 316-341.
  7. Macular Degeneration Foundation, Inc. “Electrophysiology Study”.
  8. American Academy of Ophthalmology. “Complementary Therapy Assessment, Microcurrent Stimulation Therapy for Macular Degeneration”
  9. Reader AL, Halloran G, “Bioelectrical Stimulation in an Integrated Treatment for Macular Degeneration, RP, Glaucoma, CMV and DR”, Fourth Annual Symposium on Biologically Closed Electric Circuits, Oct, 1997, Mankato State University, MN.
  10. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/3/524.full
  11. “Gunn, R.M., “On the continuous electrical Current as a therapeutic Agent in Atrophy of the Optic Nerve and in Retinitis Pigmentosa,” Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital Reports, Vol. 10, pp 161-192.
  12. Reid, B. et. al., “Wound Healing in Rat Cornea: the Role of Electric Currents, “The FASEB Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 379-386, 2005.
  13. Erb, W., “Handbook of Electrothereapeutics,” New York, NY, William Wood and Co., 1883
  14. Derby, H., “On the Possible Retardation of Retinitis Pigmentosa”, American Ophthalmological Society Transactions, Vol. 4, pp.217-227, 1886-1887.
  15. Butterwick, A; Vankov, A; Huie, P, et.a;., “Dynamic range of safe electrical stimulation of the retina”, SPIE Proceedings, Ophthalmic Technologies XVI, SPIE, Vol. 6138, pp 1-7;  (2006).
  16. http://www.naturaleyecare.com/geninfo.asp?g_num+=33
  17. Morimoto T; Miyoshi T; Fujikado T; Tano Y, Fukuda Y, Electrical Strimulation enhances the survival of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in vivo. Neuroreport, 2002; 13:227-230.
  18. Morimoto T; Miyoshi T; Fujikado T; Matsuda S; Transcorneal electrical stimulation rescues axotomized retinal ganglion cells by activating endogenous retinal IGF-1 system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005: 46: 2147-55.
  19. Miyake Y; Yanagida K, Clinical application of EER (electrically evoked response) (2) Analysis of EER in normal subjects (author’s translations)_. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1980; 84: 354-60.

Micro-Stimulation (General)

  1. Ngok, Cheng M.D., Harry Can Hoof, M.D., Emmanuel Bockx, M.D., Michel J. Hoogmartens, M.D., Joseph C. Muler, M.D., Frans I. De Ducker, Ph.D., Willy M. Sansen, Ph. D., and William De Loecker, M.D., University of Louvain, Belgium, “The Effects of Electrical Currents on ATP Generation, Protein Systhesis, and Membrane Transport: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research”
  2. “Microstimulation of the superior colliculus focuses attention without moving the eyes.” Nov. 8, 2004; James R. Muller, Marios G. Philiastides, William T. Newsome, Stanford University, School of Medicine.
  3. Yamadaoka SO, et. al. “Electrical Stimulation Enhances the Survival of Axolimized Retinal Ganglion Cells” Neuroreport 2002, 13: 227-230.
  4. Neftel, W.B. “Galvanotherapeutics”, New York, NY: Appleton and Co., 1871
  5. Dor, H. “Beitrage zur Electrotherapie der Augenkrankenheiten,” Albrecht von Graefels Archiva fur Kliniche und Experiementelle Ophthalmologie, Vol. 19, pp. 816-852, 1873.
  6. Nordenstrom, B.E.W., “Biologically Closed Electric Circuits”, Stockholm, Sweden: Nordic Medical Publications, 1983
  7. McLaughlin, S. and Poo, M.M., “The Role of Electro-osmosis in the Electric-Field-Induced Movement of Charged Macromolecules on the Surfaces of Cells”, Biophysical Journal, Vol. 34, pp. 85-93, 1981
  8. Cho, M.R. “Induced Redistribution of Cell Surface Receptors by Alternating Current Electric Fields”, The FASEB Journal, Vol. 8, –. 771-776. 1994/  http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/full/13/6/677
  9. Mycielska, M.E. and Djangoz, M.B., “Cellular Mechanisms of Direct Current Electric Field Effects: Galvanotaxis and Metastatic Disease,” Journal of Cell Science, Vol 117, pp. 1631-1639, 2004.
  10. Li, X. and Kolega, J. “Effects of Direct Current Electric Fields on Cell Migration and Actin Filament Distribution in Bovine Vascular Endothelial Cells,” Journal of Vascular Research, Vol. 39, pp. 39991-404; 2002
  11. Rajnicek, A. et. al. “Electric Fields Induce Curved Growth of Enterobacter clocae, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Cells: Implications for Mechanisms of Galvanotropism and Bacterial Growth”, Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 176, pp. 702-713, 1994.
  12. O’Clock, G. D., Electrotherapeutic Devices: Principles, design and Applications, Artech house, Boston, MA, 2007
  13. Bolton, L., et.al., “Direct-Current Bactericidal Effect on Intact Skin, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 18, pp. 137-141, 1980.
  14. Andine, P.I., et.al., “Calcium Uptake Evoked by Electrical Stimulation Is Enhanced and Precedes Delayed Neuronal Death in CA1 of Rat Hippocampus: Involvement of N-methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism”, Vol. 8, pp. 799-807, 1988
  15. Young, R.B., et.al., “Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Population and Cyclic AMP Production in Chicken and Rat Skeletal Muscle Cell Cultures.”, In Vitro Cellular & Development Biology—Animal, Vol. 36, pp. 167-173, 2000
  16. Bai, H. et.al., “DC Electric Fields Induce Distinct Preangiogenic Reponses in Microvascular and Macrovascular Cells,” Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Vol. 24, pp. 1234-1239, 2004
  17. Lyte, M., Gannon, J. and O’Clock, G.D., “Effects of In Vitro Electrical Stimulation on Enhancement and Suppression of Malignant Lymphoma Cell Proliferation, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 83, pp. 116-119, 1991
  18. O’Clock, G.D., and Leonard, T., “In Vitro Response of Retinoblastoma, Lymphoma and Non-Malignant Cells to Direct Current; Therapeutic Applications”, German Journal of Oncology, Vol 33. Pp. 85-90, 2001.
  19. Cheng, N., et.a., “The Effects of Electric Currents on ATP Generation, Protein Synthesis and Membrane Transport in Rat Skin,” Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, Vol. 171, pp. 264-271, 1982.
  20. Zhao, M., et.al., “Electric Field-Directed Cell Motility Involves Up-Regulated Expression and Asymmetric Redistribution of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and is  Enhanced by Fibronectin and Laminin,” Molecular Biology of the Cell, Vol. 10, pp 1259-1276, 1999.
  21. Goldman, R. and Pollack, S., “Electric Fields and Proliferation in a Chronic Wound Model,” Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 17, 450-457, 1996
  22. Cukjati, D,. and Savrin, R., “Electric Current in Wound Healing:, Chapter 31 in Bioelectromagenetic Medicine, P.J. Rosch and M. Markov, (eds), New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004
  23. Butterwick, A; Vankov, A et.al. “Tissue Damage by Pulsed Electrical Stimulation”; Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, Vol 54, Issue 12, Dec 2007, pp 2261-2267. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeex
  24. Humayun, M, MD, PhD; de Juan, E, MD; et.al., “Visual Perception Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of Retina in Blind Humans”; Archives of Ophthalmology, vol 114, No. 1, January, 1996. http://archopht.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/1/40

Implants as a Treatment for AMD

  1. Webster, “Design of Cardiac Pacemakers”, IEEE Press, 1995.
  2. Park, Robert I. M.D., “The Bionic Eye: Retinal Prostheses”, International Ophthalmology Clinics: Fall 2004, Vol. 44, Issue 4; pp. 139-154, http://journals.lww.com/internat-ophthalmology/Citation/2004/04440/The_Bionic_Eye_Retinal_Prostheses.11.aspx
  3. Gerding, H. “A New Approach Towards A Minimal Invasive Retina Implant”, Journal of Neural Engineering, Issue 1, March, 2007. S-30-s-37;  www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1741-2552/4/1/SO5
  4. Margalit, E, MD, PhD, Maia, M, MD, Weiland, J, PhD Greenberg, R, MD, PhD, et.al. “Retinal Prosthesis for the Blind”, Survey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 47, No. 4, July-August, 2002, pr. 335-356.
  5. Beckerman, Martin, “Modeling and Simulation of Microelectrode-Retina Interactions”, Nov. 2002, managed by BWXT Y-12, LLC, for the US Dept. of Energy, pp. 1-22.
  6. Dowling, JA,  “Mobility enhancement using Simulated Artificial Human Vision”, Queensland Univ of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, (2007). http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16380
  7. Pardue MT; Phillips MJ; Yin H; et. al. Neuroprotective effect of subretinal implants in the RCS rat. Invest Ophthalmol, Vis. Sci.  2005, 46:674-82.
  8. Thomas Schanze, Helmut G. Sachs, Christoph Wiesenack, Ursula Brunner, Heiko Sailer, “Implantation and testing of subretinal film electrodes in domestic pigs”; Abstract, Experimental Eye Research, Vol. 82, Issue 2, Feb 2006, pp 332-340; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi+B6WFD-4

Drug Therapies for Macular Degeneration Related Eye Therapy Research

  1. AMD, Genentech®: In Business For Life; 4/09/09, http://www.gene.com/gene/products/education/vascular/amd.html
  2. Nguyen QD, Shah S, Tatlipinar S, Do DV, Anden EV, Campochiaro PA,” Bevacizumab suppresses choroidal neovascularization caused by pathological myopia. Br Journal Ophthalmol, 2005, 89, 1386-1370.
  3. Rosenfeld PJ, Schwartz SD, Blumenkranz MS, Miller JW, Haller JA, Reimann JD, Greene WL, Shams N, “Maximum tolerated dose of an humanized anto-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody fragment for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration.” Ophthalmology, 2005, 112, 1048-1053.
  4. Jerzy Z. Nowak, “Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Pathogenesis and Therapy”, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 2006.
  5. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Michels S, Michels R, Aue A, “Anecortave acetate for the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration”, Eur J Ophthalmol 2005, 15, 482-485.
  6. Fraunfelder FW, “Pegaptanib for Wet Macular Degeneration”, Drugs Today, 2005, 41, 703-709.
  7. Gasque P, Dean YD, McGreal Ep, VanBeek J, Morgan BP, “Complement Components of the inmate immune system in Health and Disease in the CNS” Immunopharmacology, 2000, 49, 171-186.
  8. Gaudreault J, Fei R, Rusit J, Suboc P, Shiu V, “Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Ranibizumab (rhufabV2) after a single Intravitreal Administration”, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2005, 46, 726-733.
  9. Heier JS, Antoszyk AN, Pavan PR, Leff SR, Rosenfeld PJ, Ciulla TA, Dreyer RF, et. al. “Ranibizumab for Treatment of Neurovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: A phase I/II multi-center, controlled multidose study.”
  10. Ophthalmology, 2006, DOI: 10.1016/j.optha.205.10.052
  11. Hooper CY, Guymer RH, “New Treatments in Age-Related Macular Degeneration”, Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2003, 31, 376-391.
  12. Jain RK, Duda DG, Clark JW, Loeffler JS; “Lessons from Phase III Clinical Trials on anti-VEGF Therapy for Cancer.” Nat Clin Pract Oncol, 2006, 3, 24-40
  13. Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring R, “Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide for Treatment of intraocular proliferative, exudative, and neovascular diseases. “ Prog RetinEye Res, 2005, 24, 587-611
  14. Augustin, AJ, Schmidt-Erfurth, U, “Verteporfin Therapy combined with intravitreal triamcinolone in all Types of Choroiodal, Neurovasculization due to  age-related Macular Degeneration”, American Academy of Ophthalmol, 2006, (#113, pp. 13-22)
  15. Optimum VA, “Drug May Be Of Benefit to Wet AMD Patients”, article, http://www.ophmanagement.com/article.aspx?article=86341
  16. Andreoli, CM; Miller, JW; Ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Clinical Intervention Aging, 2006; 1; 451-466.

Gene Therapy for Eyesight Improvements

  1. Shen J, Samul R, Silva Rl, Akiyama H, Liu h, Saishin Y, Hackett SF et.al., “Suppression of ocular neovascularization with siRNA targeting VEGF receptor 1”, Gene Therapy, 2006, 13, 225-234
  2. Michels S, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Marcus En, Venkatraman AS, “Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration twelve-week results of an uncontrolled open-label clinical study.” Ophthalmology, 2005, 112, 1035-1047.
  3. Campochiaro PA, Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Klein ML, Holz E, Frank RN, Saperstein DA, et. al. “Adenoviral Vector-delivered Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor for Neo-Vascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: Results of a phase I clinical trial.” Human Gene Ther, 2006, 17, 167-176.

Related AMD Physiological Research

  1. Fischbarg, J. and Diecke, F.P.J. “A Mathematical Model of Electrolyte and Fluid Transport Across Corneal Endothelium, Journal of Membrane Biology, Vol. 203, pp-41-56, 2005
  2. Becker, R.O., “Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences”, Vol. 29, pp. 606-615, 1967
  3. Fischbarg, J., “On the Mechanism of Fluid Transport Across Corneal Endothelium and Epithelia in General,” Journal of Experimental Biology, Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology, 300 A, pp. 30-40, 2003
  4. Barnstable, CJ, Tombran-Tink, J, “Neuroprotective and Antiangiogenetic Action dog PEDF in the eye; molecular targets and therapeutic potential.” Prog. Retin Eye Res, 2004, 23, pp: 561-577;
  5. Cai J, Jiang WG, Grant MB, Boulton M, “Pigment Epithelium-derived factor inhibits angiogenesis via Regulated Intracellular Proteolysis of VEGFR-1.” Journal of Biol. Chemistry, 2006, 281, 3604-3613
  6. Campochiaro PA, “Ocular Neovascularization and Excessive Vascular Permeability.” Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2004, 4, 1395-1402.
  7. Claude Veraart, Florence Duret, Marten Brelen, Medhy Oozeer, Jean Delbeke, “Vision Rehabilitation in the case of Blindness”, Expert Rev. Medical Devices 1(1)  2004, pp. 139-153; www.future-drugs.com
  8. Crabb JW, Miyagi M, Gu X, Shadrach K, West KA,  Sakeguchi H, Kamei M, et.al. “Drusen proteome analysis: an Approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99, 14682-14687.
  9. Das A, McGuire PG, “Retinal and Choroidal Angiogenesis: pathophysiology    and strategies for inhibition.” Prog Retin Eye Res, 2003, 22, 721-748.
  10. Fine SL, Berger JW, Maguire MG, Ho AC, “Age-Related Macular Degeneration” New England Journal of Medicine, 2000, 342, 483-492.
  11. Kim SR, Nakanishi K, Itagaki Y, Sparrow JR, “Photooxidation of A2-PE, a Photoreceptor outer Segment Fluorophore and Protection by Lutein and Zeaxanthin”, Exp Eye Res, 2006 (DOI: 10,1016/j.exer.2005.10.004).
  12. Klein R, Peto T. Bird A, Vannewkirk MR: “The epidemiology of age related macular degeneration”, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2004, 137, 486-495.
  13. Kuehn BM, “Gene Discovery Provides Clues to Cause of Age-Related Macular Degeneration”, JAMA, 2005, 293, 1841-1845.
  14. Ng EWM, Adamis Ap, “Targeting Angiogenesis, the underlying disorder in neovascular age-related macular degeneration”, Can Journal Ophthalmol, 2005, 40, 352-368.

Electrotherapeutic Device/Protocol Design Considerations for Visual Disease Applications

  1. Electrotherapeutic Device/Protocol Design Considerations for Visual Disease Applications